{"response":{"docs":[{"system_create_dtsi":"2025-11-13T23:10:05Z","system_modified_dtsi":"2025-11-13T23:12:38Z","has_model_ssim":["Etd"],"id":"16e84a18-4eb0-4c73-9f91-bb5a0af59fd5","accessControl_ssim":["42002859-965a-42d4-a63f-05d93ea7f245"],"depositor_ssim":["library@covenantseminary.edu"],"depositor_tesim":["library@covenantseminary.edu"],"title_tesim":["Dynamics of spiritual renewal : how Richard Lovelace's renewal principles have influenced a generation of reformed pastors"],"date_uploaded_dtsi":"2025-11-13T23:10:05Z","date_modified_dtsi":"2025-11-13T23:12:38Z","isPartOf_ssim":["admin_set/default"],"hasEmbargo_ssim":["a6c308d1-af24-4aa1-8ce3-c1f7bdd69a4c"],"hasLease_ssim":["78015a5b-3a1a-46fb-885c-001e2799b156"],"show_pdf_viewer_tesim":["1"],"show_pdf_download_button_tesim":["1"],"institution_tesim":["Atla RIM"],"degree_tesim":["Doctor of Ministry"],"degree_granting_institution_tesim":["Covenant Theological Seminary"],"year_tesim":["2024"],"resource_type_tesim":["D.Min. Project"],"types_tesim":["Text"],"creator_tesim":["Linneman, Jeremy"],"subject_tesim":["Spiritual life--Reformed Church","Interviews","Paul, the Apostle, Saint","Influence (Literary, artistic, etc.)","Theology","Reformed Church--Clergy","Lovelace, Richard F"],"abstract_tesim":["The purpose of this study is to explore how pastors in the Reformed tradition promote lifelong spiritual renewal among their congregants. Not many churches have a well-defined plan to promote their members’ ongoing spiritual formation. Yet many pastors in the Reformed tradition have discovered a vision for spiritual formation and renewal in the writings of Gordon-Conwell theologian Richard Lovelace. Lovelace’s Dynamics of Spiritual Life (1979) has been credited by pastors including Tim Keller (Redeemer Presbyterian, New York City) as the most influential book in their philosophy of ministry and church strategy. However, Lovelace’s work was generally theoretical and remains unknown to modern leaders. This study asks: How do pastors and leaders in the Reformed traditions, specifically between ages of 35-50, apply the renewal principles of Lovelace in the life of their churches? Further, how has Lovelace’s vision for spiritual renewal been realized in these congregations?\r\n\r\nThis study will include a review of literature focused on three key areas to understand in promoting spiritual renewal in Reformed congregations: (1) Spiritual renewal according to Richard Lovelace, particularly in the areas of prayer, community, and mission; (2) the apostle Paul’s theology of spiritual life, especially the gospel, spiritual life, regeneration, the Holy Spirit, resurrection, prayer, community, and mission; and (3) organizational and congregational culture, including how churches can promote their desired values, behaviors, and practices in congregational life.\r\n\r\nThis study utilizes a qualitative design using semi-structured interviews with six pastors and leaders from various Reformed churches and ministries who are either familiar with Lovelace’s theories or have been unknowingly shaped by them. The methods of qualitative research are detailed, the process and strengths of qualitative research are discussed, and the researcher’s position and the limitations of the study are acknowledged.\r\n\r\nThe interviews focus on gaining data with four research questions: (1) How do pastors in Reformed churches describe their theology of spiritual renewal? (2) How do they promote spiritual renewal among their congregants—in terms of prayer, community, and mission? (3) How do they integrate spiritual renewal into the culture of their congregation or organization? (4) In what ways and to what extent do their views of spiritual renewal compare to Lovelace’s theories?\r\n\r\nThe study concludes with a final discussion of Lovelace’s key insights and contributions, a summary of the findings, and recommendations for promoting spiritual renewal in churches in the future. The recommendations include needs for further research as well as opportunities for ministry practice and renewal."],"rights_statement_tesim":["https://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"related_url_tesim":["https://covenantlibrary.org/etd/2024/Linneman_Jeremy_DMin_2024.pdf"],"thumbnail_path_ss":"/assets/work-a3b75da7abded620ab321410c80d102e5e2417b71c54de7ba7d4b0363da904f7.png","suppressed_bsi":false,"actionable_workflow_roles_ssim":["admin_set/default-default-approving","admin_set/default-default-depositing","admin_set/default-default-managing"],"workflow_state_name_ssim":["deposited"],"visibility_ssi":"open","admin_set_tesim":["Default Admin Set"],"account_cname_tesim":["rim.ir.atla.com"],"human_readable_type_tesim":["Etd"],"read_access_group_ssim":["public","work_editor"],"edit_access_group_ssim":["admin"],"edit_access_person_ssim":["library@covenantseminary.edu"],"_version_":1848718717459890176,"timestamp":"2025-11-13T23:12:39.101Z","score":1.0},{"system_create_dtsi":"2024-12-04T18:28:03Z","system_modified_dtsi":"2024-12-04T18:28:04Z","has_model_ssim":["Etd"],"id":"c9002632-7516-4b56-93f7-74b22883ff71","accessControl_ssim":["0c35a376-5231-4212-acaa-3d0a078bcf92"],"depositor_ssim":["library@covenantseminary.edu"],"depositor_tesim":["library@covenantseminary.edu"],"title_tesim":["Uniting the roles of preaching and shepherding"],"date_uploaded_dtsi":"2024-12-04T18:28:02Z","date_modified_dtsi":"2024-12-04T18:28:02Z","isPartOf_ssim":["admin_set/default"],"hasEmbargo_ssim":["26c1ed10-7aa3-4b75-a106-00ed25b3559a"],"hasLease_ssim":["c6c7f316-f2c8-4439-a126-1a03a96db5a8"],"show_pdf_viewer_tesim":["1"],"show_pdf_download_button_tesim":["1"],"institution_tesim":["Atla RIM"],"degree_tesim":["Doctor of Ministry"],"degree_granting_institution_tesim":["Covenant Theological Seminary"],"year_tesim":["2022"],"resource_type_tesim":["D.Min. Project"],"types_tesim":["Text"],"creator_tesim":["McCall, Samuel Jake"],"subject_tesim":["Pastoral theology","Interviews","Reformed Church--Clergy","Preaching"],"abstract_tesim":["The purpose of this study is to explore how pastors unite their preaching and shepherding roles through sermons to their local church.\r\n\r\nHistorically, preaching has had a prioritized role in the church. As a primary means of God’s grace and an indispensable opportunity to communicate grace and truth, preaching warrants this high ministerial priority. However, the role of preaching can easily separate from the role of shepherding. Staying relationally connected to the practical issues of the congregants creates additional challenges to an already difficult task. Further, the challenge is not only convincing people of the truth of the gospel but is also connecting that truth with common congregational concerns.\r\n\r\nThe literature review focused on three key areas to understand in sustaining a preaching ministry: the union of the preaching ministry with shepherding, leadership and the danger of isolation from a corporate perspective, and the impact of a long-tenured pastorate.\r\n\r\nThis study reached three conclusions regarding the union of the preaching and shepherding: 1. The priority of preaching in the Christian church has stood the test of time, 2. Uniting preaching with shepherding requires deliberate pastoral efforts, 3. The time-honored establishment of relational trust between a pastor and the congregation is integral to the union of preaching and shepherding. \r\n\r\nIn light of the findings, three practices are recommended for pastors: 1. Prioritize preaching as a means of shepherding the flock. 2. Create and implement a strategic approach to unite preaching and shepherding. 3. Commit to a long-term tenure of faithful and relational pastoral ministry. "],"rights_statement_tesim":["https://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"related_url_tesim":["https://www.covenantlibrary.org/etd/2022/McCall_Samuel_Jake_DMin_2022.pdf"],"thumbnail_path_ss":"/assets/work-a3b75da7abded620ab321410c80d102e5e2417b71c54de7ba7d4b0363da904f7.png","suppressed_bsi":false,"actionable_workflow_roles_ssim":["admin_set/default-default-approving","admin_set/default-default-depositing","admin_set/default-default-managing"],"workflow_state_name_ssim":["deposited"],"visibility_ssi":"open","admin_set_tesim":["Default Admin Set"],"account_cname_tesim":["rim.ir.atla.com"],"human_readable_type_tesim":["Etd"],"read_access_group_ssim":["public","work_editor"],"edit_access_group_ssim":["admin"],"edit_access_person_ssim":["library@covenantseminary.edu"],"_version_":1817535457913733120,"timestamp":"2024-12-04T18:28:05.370Z","score":1.0},{"system_create_dtsi":"2024-12-04T00:33:12Z","system_modified_dtsi":"2024-12-04T00:33:13Z","has_model_ssim":["Etd"],"id":"1a5e7ea3-c52b-4480-b750-c1cda8845642","accessControl_ssim":["136de525-fb59-4511-82db-8be51967d1a8"],"depositor_ssim":["library@covenantseminary.edu"],"depositor_tesim":["library@covenantseminary.edu"],"title_tesim":["Becoming brothers : how multi-ethnic church planting partners pastor together"],"date_uploaded_dtsi":"2024-12-04T00:33:11Z","date_modified_dtsi":"2024-12-04T00:33:12Z","isPartOf_ssim":["admin_set/default"],"hasEmbargo_ssim":["71327660-c159-4320-899a-49847d2e5820"],"hasLease_ssim":["351a8506-1d65-48b1-8ea7-809dc66d53e6"],"show_pdf_viewer_tesim":["1"],"show_pdf_download_button_tesim":["1"],"institution_tesim":["Atla RIM"],"degree_tesim":["Doctor of Ministry"],"degree_granting_institution_tesim":["Covenant Theological Seminary"],"year_tesim":["2022"],"resource_type_tesim":["D.Min. Project"],"types_tesim":["Text"],"creator_tesim":["Carpenter, Brad"],"subject_tesim":["Church and minorities","Multiculturalism--Religious aspects--Christianity","Interviews","Ethnicity--Religious aspects--Christianity","Reconciliation--Religious aspects--Christianity","United States","Reformed Church--Clergy","Race relations--Religious aspects--Christianity"],"abstract_tesim":["The purpose of this study is to explore how multi-ethnic church planting partners pastor together. A failure to understand and teach the New Testament vision of a multi-ethnic church undergirds the American church’s failure to address the issue of racialization and segregation on Sunday mornings. Solo pastoring and church planting have not proven to be an ideal environment for pastoral health and flourishing. Majority culture efforts to church plant in minority communities have suffered due to a lack of local leadership, cultural illiteracy and a failure of gospel contextualization. A small but growing group of pastors and church planters have found that partnering with someone of another ethnicity is a vehicle to address these issues. \r\n\r\nThis study utilized a qualitative design using semi-structured interviews with ten pastors from denominations in the greater reformed community who were each a member of a multi-ethnic pastoral partnership. The literature review and analysis of the interviews focused on three key areas to understand how multi-ethnic partners pastor together: a biblical theology of multi-ethnic churches, relational health in leadership theory and practice, and indigenous leadership development. \r\n\r\nThis study came to three major conclusions: multi-ethnic partners are convinced that a biblical church is a multi-ethnic church; choosing to pastor with a partner of a different ethnicity is a vehicle for pursuing emotional and relational health in ministry that every pastor needs; and multi-ethnic pastoral partnerships are public vehicles to demonstrate gospel reconciliation, mutual submission and celebrate the diversity made possible by the gospel. This is a witness a racialized world desperately needs to see. \r\n\r\nTo explore these challenges, this study identified the motivations and practices which contributed to fruitful multi-ethnic pastoral partnerships. "],"rights_statement_tesim":["https://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"related_url_tesim":["https://covenantlibrary.org/etd/2022/Carpenter_Brad_DMin_2022.pdf"],"thumbnail_path_ss":"/assets/work-a3b75da7abded620ab321410c80d102e5e2417b71c54de7ba7d4b0363da904f7.png","suppressed_bsi":false,"actionable_workflow_roles_ssim":["admin_set/default-default-approving","admin_set/default-default-depositing","admin_set/default-default-managing"],"workflow_state_name_ssim":["deposited"],"visibility_ssi":"open","admin_set_tesim":["Default Admin Set"],"account_cname_tesim":["rim.ir.atla.com"],"human_readable_type_tesim":["Etd"],"read_access_group_ssim":["public","work_editor"],"edit_access_group_ssim":["admin"],"edit_access_person_ssim":["library@covenantseminary.edu"],"_version_":1817467833989201920,"timestamp":"2024-12-04T00:33:14.170Z","score":1.0},{"system_create_dtsi":"2024-12-04T00:26:16Z","system_modified_dtsi":"2024-12-04T00:26:18Z","has_model_ssim":["Etd"],"id":"942f3b57-86a6-4046-9012-5cd5782668b9","accessControl_ssim":["23434958-3207-4879-955f-2e6c341b22cd"],"depositor_ssim":["library@covenantseminary.edu"],"depositor_tesim":["library@covenantseminary.edu"],"title_tesim":["A qualitative study exploring how Reformed preachers engage the uninterested listener’s imagination by means of metaphor"],"date_uploaded_dtsi":"2024-12-04T00:26:16Z","date_modified_dtsi":"2024-12-04T00:26:16Z","isPartOf_ssim":["admin_set/default"],"hasEmbargo_ssim":["d24ebf50-5543-439c-aa2b-98bc0c4a5677"],"hasLease_ssim":["6d23de37-ad6f-44a5-9133-7f0849a0b43c"],"show_pdf_viewer_tesim":["1"],"show_pdf_download_button_tesim":["1"],"institution_tesim":["Atla RIM"],"degree_tesim":["Doctor of Ministry"],"degree_granting_institution_tesim":["Covenant Theological Seminary"],"year_tesim":["2022"],"resource_type_tesim":["D.Min. Project"],"types_tesim":["Text"],"creator_tesim":["Cole, Howard"],"subject_tesim":["Reformed Church--Clergy","Metaphor--Religious aspects--Christianity","Preaching","Pastoral theology","Interviews","Metaphor in the Bible"],"abstract_tesim":["The purpose of this study was to explore how Reformed preachers in a post-Christian context engage the listener’s imagination with metaphor. Preachers face homiletical challenges in communicating gospel truth to apathetic audiences that impact a preacher’s mission focused on listener attention and comprehension.\r\n\r\nThis study utilized a qualitative design using semi-structured interviews with six pastors from various Reformed denominations who preached for five years or longer. The interviews focused on gaining data with four research questions: In what ways do Reformed preachers communicate metaphorical illustrations to engage the listener’s imagination? How do Reformed preachers select metaphorical illustrations that engage the listener’s imagination? What resources do Reformed preachers utilize to identify metaphorical illustrations to engage the listener’s imagination? What outcomes do Reformed preachers desire to observe by engaging listener’s imagination with metaphorical illustrations?\r\n\r\nThe literature review focused on the philosophical and cultural forces contributing to listener engagement, preaching to the imagination with metaphor, and Jesus’ use of metaphor."],"rights_statement_tesim":["https://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"related_url_tesim":["https://www.covenantlibrary.org/etd/2022/Cole_Howard_DMin_2022.pdf"],"thumbnail_path_ss":"/assets/work-a3b75da7abded620ab321410c80d102e5e2417b71c54de7ba7d4b0363da904f7.png","suppressed_bsi":false,"actionable_workflow_roles_ssim":["admin_set/default-default-approving","admin_set/default-default-depositing","admin_set/default-default-managing"],"workflow_state_name_ssim":["deposited"],"visibility_ssi":"open","admin_set_tesim":["Default Admin Set"],"account_cname_tesim":["rim.ir.atla.com"],"human_readable_type_tesim":["Etd"],"read_access_group_ssim":["public","work_editor"],"edit_access_group_ssim":["admin"],"edit_access_person_ssim":["library@covenantseminary.edu"],"_version_":1817467398325796864,"timestamp":"2024-12-04T00:26:18.689Z","score":1.0},{"system_create_dtsi":"2023-10-12T15:56:28Z","system_modified_dtsi":"2024-02-17T07:38:39Z","has_model_ssim":["Etd"],"id":"64101153-c38f-42c6-aa8e-bde8bf536530","accessControl_ssim":["5a74db1d-ff87-4e02-8c0f-e06afad6f3f1"],"depositor_ssim":["ckarpinski@atla.com"],"depositor_tesim":["ckarpinski@atla.com"],"title_tesim":["The dance between vulnerability and trust in pulpit leadership"],"date_uploaded_dtsi":"2023-10-12T15:56:26Z","date_modified_dtsi":"2024-02-17T01:03:41Z","isPartOf_ssim":["f6c99b2a-5c91-4444-8946-01a1837f1fd8"],"hasEmbargo_ssim":["279e93be-d819-49fc-a79c-28d72641119d"],"hasLease_ssim":["814aeba2-681a-4058-99fe-ea385e1416ee"],"show_pdf_viewer_tesim":["1"],"show_pdf_download_button_tesim":["1"],"institution_tesim":["Atla RIM"],"degree_tesim":["Unknown"],"degree_granting_institution_tesim":["Covenant Theological Seminary"],"advisor_tesim":["Michael Honeycutt"],"year_tesim":["2013"],"resource_type_tesim":["Unknown"],"types_tesim":["Text"],"creator_tesim":["Clay Smith"],"publisher_tesim":["Covenant Theological Seminary"],"subject_tesim":["Leadership--Religious aspects--Christianity","Trust","Reformed Church--Clergy","Preaching--Study and teaching"],"language_tesim":["English"],"abstract_tesim":["Church culture is significantly formed through communication, specifically communication in sermons. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore how pastors use vulnerability in sermons to build the congregation's trust in their leadership. This study utilized a qualitative design with semi-structured interviews with six Reformed pastors with the primary preaching responsibility in their churches in the southeastern United States. Analysis of the literature and interview data examined how pastors assess the use of vulnerability in their sermons, how pastors perceive the relationship between preaching and trust, and how pastors determine the limits of vulnerability in their sermons to build trust in leadership. Findings from the study include the critical nature of a gospel-saturated culture for the vulnerability to build trust, the value of understanding the negotiation of interests through preaching to build trust, the necessary match of the public and priv  ate communication from the senior leadership, and the clearly communicated intent of redemptive purpose of vulnerability to build trust."],"rights_statement_tesim":["https://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"thumbnail_path_ss":"/assets/work-a3b75da7abded620ab321410c80d102e5e2417b71c54de7ba7d4b0363da904f7.png","suppressed_bsi":false,"actionable_workflow_roles_ssim":["f6c99b2a-5c91-4444-8946-01a1837f1fd8-default-approving","f6c99b2a-5c91-4444-8946-01a1837f1fd8-default-depositing","f6c99b2a-5c91-4444-8946-01a1837f1fd8-default-managing"],"workflow_state_name_ssim":["deposited"],"member_of_collections_ssim":["Covenant Theological Seminary"],"member_of_collection_ids_ssim":["e57e5218-1d34-47f5-b1a5-b84efbc9e61f"],"visibility_ssi":"open","admin_set_tesim":["Metadata Only"],"account_cname_tesim":["rim.ir.atla.com"],"human_readable_type_tesim":["Etd"],"read_access_group_ssim":["work_editor","public"],"edit_access_group_ssim":["admin"],"edit_access_person_ssim":["ckarpinski@atla.com"],"_version_":1791130885652742144,"timestamp":"2024-02-17T07:38:42.969Z","score":1.0},{"system_create_dtsi":"2023-10-12T15:45:13Z","system_modified_dtsi":"2024-02-17T07:48:58Z","has_model_ssim":["Etd"],"id":"d6021d8b-3a6a-4948-8e19-47a067624686","accessControl_ssim":["aaeb1105-094d-4463-be65-6ebb0d1d47c9"],"depositor_ssim":["ckarpinski@atla.com"],"depositor_tesim":["ckarpinski@atla.com"],"title_tesim":["Seeking the old paths: towards a recovery of John Calvin's pastoral theology amongst Reformed and Presbyterian pastors today"],"date_uploaded_dtsi":"2023-10-12T15:45:12Z","date_modified_dtsi":"2024-02-17T04:14:59Z","isPartOf_ssim":["f6c99b2a-5c91-4444-8946-01a1837f1fd8"],"hasEmbargo_ssim":["dd310d05-8d56-4034-a4cb-a3da2587ff74"],"hasLease_ssim":["0321fa51-8d47-4392-a6f0-fa033b2469b1"],"show_pdf_viewer_tesim":["1"],"show_pdf_download_button_tesim":["1"],"institution_tesim":["Atla RIM"],"degree_tesim":["Unknown"],"degree_granting_institution_tesim":["Covenant Theological Seminary"],"advisor_tesim":["David B Calhoun"],"year_tesim":["2011"],"resource_type_tesim":["Unknown"],"types_tesim":["Text"],"creator_tesim":["Marcus J Serven"],"publisher_tesim":["Covenant Theological Seminary"],"subject_tesim":["Presbyterian Church--Clergy","Reformed Church--Clergy","Calvin, Jean, 1509-1564","Theology","Pastoral theology--Reformed Church"],"language_tesim":["English"],"abstract_tesim":["The purpose of this qualitative research project was to interact with Reformed and Presbyterian pastors on the subject of John Calvin's pastoral theology. The researcher engaged in historical research by uncovering relevant material for lectures on Calvin's ministry practices. Six areas were examined: Calvin as preacher, teacher, friend, shepherd, leader, and theologian. These lectures were presented in four separate settings throughout the United States. Nine pastors participated in the follow-up interviews. Based on the findings, the researcher concluded that Calvin's pastoral theology was worthy of serious reflection, careful evaluation, and strategic implementation by Reformed and Presbyterian pastors today."],"rights_statement_tesim":["https://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"thumbnail_path_ss":"/assets/work-a3b75da7abded620ab321410c80d102e5e2417b71c54de7ba7d4b0363da904f7.png","suppressed_bsi":false,"actionable_workflow_roles_ssim":["f6c99b2a-5c91-4444-8946-01a1837f1fd8-default-approving","f6c99b2a-5c91-4444-8946-01a1837f1fd8-default-depositing","f6c99b2a-5c91-4444-8946-01a1837f1fd8-default-managing"],"workflow_state_name_ssim":["deposited"],"member_of_collections_ssim":["Covenant Theological Seminary"],"member_of_collection_ids_ssim":["e57e5218-1d34-47f5-b1a5-b84efbc9e61f"],"visibility_ssi":"open","admin_set_tesim":["Metadata Only"],"account_cname_tesim":["rim.ir.atla.com"],"human_readable_type_tesim":["Etd"],"read_access_group_ssim":["work_editor","public"],"edit_access_group_ssim":["admin"],"edit_access_person_ssim":["ckarpinski@atla.com"],"_version_":1791131535418589184,"timestamp":"2024-02-17T07:49:02.634Z","score":1.0},{"system_create_dtsi":"2023-10-12T03:41:14Z","system_modified_dtsi":"2024-02-17T07:46:56Z","has_model_ssim":["Etd"],"id":"c0c78aa3-95b3-4b62-ac25-f5b2fafc6785","accessControl_ssim":["26d2e006-2814-482f-bb0f-6e3f4b268322"],"depositor_ssim":["ckarpinski@atla.com"],"depositor_tesim":["ckarpinski@atla.com"],"title_tesim":["Rural, small church pastors: are they a beleaguered bunch?"],"date_uploaded_dtsi":"2023-10-12T03:41:14Z","date_modified_dtsi":"2024-02-17T03:40:36Z","isPartOf_ssim":["f6c99b2a-5c91-4444-8946-01a1837f1fd8"],"hasEmbargo_ssim":["78806455-b6df-4844-a515-38371ac46d23"],"hasLease_ssim":["a42865cb-b067-4fe7-a513-3df6427cb34c"],"show_pdf_viewer_tesim":["1"],"show_pdf_download_button_tesim":["1"],"institution_tesim":["Atla RIM"],"degree_tesim":["Unknown"],"degree_granting_institution_tesim":["Covenant Theological Seminary"],"advisor_tesim":["Philip D Douglass"],"year_tesim":["1994"],"resource_type_tesim":["Unknown"],"types_tesim":["Text"],"creator_tesim":["James E Urish"],"publisher_tesim":["Covenant Theological Seminary"],"subject_tesim":["Rural churches","Presbyterian Church--Clergy","Small churches","Reformed Church--Clergy"],"language_tesim":["English"],"abstract_tesim":["This study compares large (above 150 members) and small NAPARC (North American and Reformed churches) churches in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains.  Pastors of small, rural churches have a complex of frustrations or difficulties which make their ministry more difficult than larger church pastors.  These factors include finances, leadership conflicts, background differences between pastor and spouse and the current church/community he serves, isolation, lack of denominational support, size (of the church he pastors), loss of specific calling, and lack of support from literature to address his demographic setting. At the extremes of the survey sample one could see evident differences in the frustration they faced.  Finances, leadership conflicts, lack of denominational support, and loss of calling all affected the smallest pastors, while these were not such a frustration to larger church pastors. In addition, the rural pastor did have some differences in the way he responded to the survey, though the results were not conclusive.  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